一动词（Verbs)
1 动词-ing 形式（The-ing form) (2)
动词-ing 形式作表语、定语、宾主补足语和状语的用法
|
用法
|
例句
|
|
表语
|
1）Seeing is believing.
2) The music is exciting. |
|
定语
|
1)There is a swimming pool in our school.
2) China is a developing country. 3) The person translating the songs can speak seven languages. 4) The boy standing there is a classmate of mine. |
|
宾补
|
1) We heard her singing in her room.
2) You can see them performing every night this week at the new theatre. 3) We watch the children diving into the water from the top diving board. |
|
状语
|
1) She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.
2) Being ill, she went home. 3) Having finished their work, they had a rest. |
2 过去分词（The Past Participle)(2)过去分词的用法
|
用法
|
例句
|
|
状语
|
1）Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
2) She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. 3) Dr Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room. 4) If bitten by a snake, you should send for help and not walk. 5) When shot in the leg, he continued to fire back with his gun. |
二、省略（Ellipsis)
为了避免重复，省略句中的一个或几个句子成分，这种语法现象称为省略。
|
被省略的部分
|
例句
|
|
主语
|
1）Beg your pardon.
2) Sounds like a good idea. |
|
谓语或谓语的一部分
|
1) They learn French and we (learn) English.
2) (Is there) Anything I can do for you? |
|
宾语
|
A: Is Mr King in his office?
B: Sorry, I don't know (whether he is or not). |
|
主语和谓语或主语和谓语的一部分
|
1)(Come) This way, please.
2) What does he want to eat? (He wants) Some rice and vegetables. |
|
不定式to后省略动词
|
1) Would you like to come to the party?
I'd love to (come to the party) 2) They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents). |
三、倒装（Inversion)
在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时谓语的全部或一部分却提到主语的前面，这种语序叫做“倒装”。倒装的原因，一是语法结构的需要，一是为强调。
英语中常见的倒装句，有下列一些情况：
1 在疑问句中
1）Is breakfast ready yet?
2) Have you finished your homework?
2 在there be结构中
1) There are some books on the desk.
2)There will be a football match this afternoon.
3 在以here, there 或 out, in, up, down, away 等副词开头的句子中里，以示强调。
1）There goes the bell.
2) Here comes the bus.
3) Out rushed the children.
4) Away went the boy.
但主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。
1) Here it is.
2) Away he went.
4 直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时也用倒装。
"If you die, who will get your money?" asked Holmes
"I don't think so," said Holmes.
5 only 所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。
1) Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
2) Only in this way can you learn from your friends.
3) Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.
6 含有否定意义的副词或边词，如 hardly, never, not, not only, little 等，放在句首时。
1) Never shall I forget it.
2) Not a single mistake did he make.
3) Not only was there no electricity, but also no water.
7 把副词 so 放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个（或物）。其句型是：so + be (have, 助动词或情态动词） +主语。
1）He likes rice very well. So do I.
2) He can ride a bike, So can I.
3) We saw the film last week, So did they.
8 把neither, nor 放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人（或物）。其句型是：neither (nor) + be ( have, 助动词或情态动词） +主语。
1)I have never been abroad, Neither has he.
2) I didn't read the notice on the blackboard, nor did he.
9 为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时。
1）They arrived at a house, in front of which sat a small boy.
2) In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
